Machine Learning-Assisted Intraoperative Hypotension Management: Developing Personalized Treatment Recommendations

Inclusion Criteria

Inclusion Criteria: * Adult patients aged 18 years or older * Patients scheduled for elective surgical procedures * Procedures performed under general anesthesia * Availability of continuous invasive arterial blood pressure monitoring during the intraoperative period * Planned surgical duration of at least 2 hours * Ability to provide written informed consent for participation in the study Exclusion Criteria: * Emergency surgery * Diagnosis of sepsis, septic shock, or advanced cardiogenic shock * Cardiac rhythm disturbances that prevent reliable hemodynamic measurements (e.g., atrial fibrillation) * Severe left ventricular dysfunction or advanced heart failure (ejection fraction \<30%) * Inability to maintain intraoperative arterial cannulation due to technical or clinical reasons * Inability to provide informed consent (e.g., cognitive impairment or refusal to participate)