Multimodal Clinical Data Integration and Artificial Intelligence Modeling for Predicting Complications Following Pediatric Transcatheter Closure of Perimembranous Ventricular Septal Defect

Inclusion Criteria

Inclusion Criteria: * Age ≤ 18 years at the time of transcatheter procedure. * Diagnosis of perimembranous ventricular septal defect confirmed by echocardiography, and underwent transcatheter device closure at the study center. * Medical records sufficient to ascertain the primary outcome within the pre-specified follow-up window, and availability of minimum baseline clinical information required for model development/validation. Exclusion Criteria: * Ventricular septal defects not classified as perimembranous on echocardiography, including muscular, outlet, or inlet VSDs, as well as multiple or complex VSDs involving more than one septal region. * Presence of complex congenital heart disease or associated structural abnormalities requiring concomitant surgical repair (e.g., tetralogy of Fallot). * Prior surgical VSD repair or prior transcatheter VSD closure.