Cephalometric Tracing: A Comparison Between Digital Analysis and Artificial Intelligence

Inclusion Criteria

Inclusion Criteria: * Availability of digital lateral cephalometric radiographs of adequate diagnostic quality * Radiographs acquired with patients in centric occlusion and proper head positioning using a cephalostat * Patients of any age and sex * Absence of congenital or acquired craniofacial anomalies * No previous orthodontic treatment * No previous orthognathic surgical treatment * Absence of agenesis of incisors or first molars * Absence of supernumerary teeth overlapping the region of interest Exclusion Criteria: * Radiographs presenting artifacts or inadequate visualization of anatomical structures * History of significant craniofacial trauma * Radiographs acquired without a cephalostat * Presence of severe skeletal asymmetries * Incomplete clinical or radiographic records * Radiographs unsuitable for manual or AI-based cephalometric landmark identification