The Development and Feasibility Testing of a Caregiver-mediated, Technology-facilitated, Home-based Frail Intervention Program (FITWISE) for Pre-frail and Frail Community-dwelling Older Adults: a Three-arm Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

Inclusion Criteria

1. For Participants: Inclusion Criteria: * Recruited from Lions Befrienders Active Aging Centres (AACs) or Tzu Chi Active Aging Centres (AACs) * Aged 60 to 99 years * Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) score of 3 to 5 * Identified by the active aging centre as inactive in centre and community activities * Able to provide valid informed consent * Able to communicate in and read Chinese or English * Living in their own homes and not in residential care * Willing to allow home visits by the research team * Residing in a home environment assessed as safe for exercise (e.g., adequate space and minimal environmental fall hazards) Exclusion Criteria: * Significant cognitive impairment or mental health conditions that prevent understanding of the study or safe participation in the exergaming activity (e.g., moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease) * Pre-existing medical conditions that prohibit exercise or are hemodynamically unstable (e.g., end-stage heart failure) * Physical limitations that hinder participation (e.g., wheelchair-bound) * Severe visual or hearing impairments that would interfere with participation * Experiencing severe pain that limits participation * Currently participating in another regular vigorous exercise program * Refusal to consent to video recording required for the exergaming system 2. For Informal Caregiver Inclusion Criteria: * Spouse, partner, child, relative, friend, or neighbor of the participant who provides unpaid support * Living with the participant or living separately * Aged 21 to 99 years * Able to communicate in and read English or Chinese * Living with the participant or willing to visit the participant two to three times per week to support the intervention * Cognitively fit as indicated by a Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score above the normal cutoff * Assessed by the research team to be suitable for delivering the intervention Exclusion Criteria: \- Paid caregivers, such as healthcare professionals or foreign domestic helpers.