Validity of an AI-Supported Whole-Body Electrical Stimulation Device for Spinal Pain Assessment: A Comparison With Self-Reported Pain Scores

Inclusion Criteria

Inclusion Criteria: * Experiencing back pain for more than three months * Experiencing recurrent back pain over the last week * Not having used analgesic or muscle relaxant medications in the last week * Aged between 18 and 60 years * Diagnosed with chronic low back pain by a medical doctor * Literate and able to cooperate with study procedures * Willing to participate in the study Exclusion Criteria: * Having neurological, inflammatory, radiculopathy, vertebral fracture, or similar conditions * Experiencing acute-onset pain * Being pregnant or at risk of pregnancy * Having a psychiatric diagnosis and currently taking medication * Having a skin disease or lesion in the area where electrodes will be applied * Currently undergoing physical therapy * Having vestibular, auditory, or cognitive impairments * Possessing an electronic implant * Having a cardiac arrhythmia * Having a coronary or carotid stent * Being diagnosed with epilepsy * Having severe osteoporosis of the spine