Comparative Effects of Meditation, Nature Exposure, Digital Scrolling, and Reading on Physiological and Perceived Stress: A Non-Randomized Controlled Study

Meditation vs Forest Bathing vs Smartphone Scrolling: University of Pavia Trial Measures Real-Time Cortisol and Perceived Stress Across Four Experiential Conditions

A University of Pavia trial is directly comparing the physiological and perceived stress effects of guided meditation, forest bathing, digital smartphone scrolling, and neutral reading in 100 adults, using salivary cortisol and validated anxiety scales. The study, now in active data collection with results expected by 2026–2027, is among the first to include passive smartphone scrolling as a formal experimental condition alongside established stress-reduction modalities. Findings could meaningfully inform clinical recommendations on brief, accessible stress management strategies.