THE ROLE OF FRAILTY INDICES AND PREOPERATIVE BIOMARKERS IN PREDICTING MYOCARDIAL INJURY AFTER NON-CARDIAC SURGERY IN ELDERLY ORTHOPEDIC PATIENTS: A MACHINE LEARNING ANALYSIS

Inclusion Criteria

Inclusion Criteria: * All patients aged 65 years and older. * Patients undergoing major orthopedic surgery (hip fracture repair, total knee/hip arthroplasty, and revision surgeries). * Patients operated on within the designated study period (January 2021 - December 2023). * Patients with complete access to preoperative clinical data (comorbidities, medication use) and baseline laboratory parameters (Hemoglobin, Creatinine, Albumin). * Patients who had at least one postoperative cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) measurement within the first 72 hours after surgery. Exclusion Criteria: * Patients with a documented history of acute myocardial infarction or elevated baseline troponin levels in the preoperative period (to differentiate acute injury from surgical causes). * Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring dialysis (as chronic kidney dysfunction persistently elevates baseline troponin levels). * Patients with missing critical preoperative data or incomplete postoperative troponin follow-up.