Pharmacological interventions to improve bone density in functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials

Clinical Snapshot

Key Findings

• P Value: Not explicitly reported but confidence intervals exclude null for significant findings

• Effect Size: Transdermal HRT vs control: LS BMD SMD 0.34, FN BMD SMD 0.57; Teriparatide vs transdermal HRT: LS BMD SMD 1.48

• Primary Outcome: Bone mineral density at lumbar spine, femoral neck, and total hip

• Nnt Or Sensitivity: Effect sizes suggest moderate to large clinical benefits for transdermal HRT and teriparatide at lumbar spine

• Confidence Interval: Transdermal HRT LS BMD: (0.03, 0.64), FN BMD: (0.04, 1.10); Teriparatide vs transdermal HRT LS BMD: (0.38, 2.59)

Clinical Application

High feasibility - interventions are established therapies available in clinical practice Highly relevant to Australian practice. Transdermal HRT and teriparatide are PBS-listed medications. Aligns with Endocrine Society of Australia guidelines for bone health in amenorrheic women. RACGP guidelines support hormone therapy for bone protection in appropriate candidates. Women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea who have failed lifestyle interventions to restore menses

Abstract

CONTEXT: Women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA) are at high risk of poor bone health. When lifestyle measures fail to restore menses, pharmacological interventions are needed for bone health, but comparative efficacy remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of available pharmacological interventions to improve bone mineral density (BMD), in women with FHA, employing network meta-analysis (NMA). DATA SOURCES: Medline, Embase, Emcare, Cochrane CENTRAL, ISRCTN, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched up to 20 September 2025. STUDY SELECTION: Eligible randomized-controlled trials evaluated pharmacological interventions for lumbar spine (LS), femoral neck (FN), or total hip (TH) BMD in women with FHA. Two independent reviewers screened titles, abstracts, and texts. DATA EXTRACTION: Two reviewers independently extracted data following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews-network meta-analysis guidelines. Outcomes were expressed as standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using random-effects NMA. Evidence certainty was assessed with CINeMA. DATA SYNTHESIS & RESULTS: Thirteen randomized-controlled trials (n = 897 participant observations across all pharmacotherapy comparisons) were included (LS BMD: n = 897; FN BMD: n = 370; TH BMD: n = 750). Transdermal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) was superior to control (placebo or no intervention) for LS BMD with SMD: 0.34 (0.03, 0.64) and FN BMD with SMD: 0.57 (0.04, 1.10). Oral HRT and the combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP) showed no significant benefit for any BMD site. Teriparatide was superior to transdermal HRT and COCP for LS BMD with SMDs: 1.48 (0.38, 2.59) and 1.75 (0.66, 2.83), but not FN or TH BMD. CONCLUSIONS: Transdermal HRT and teriparatide improve LS BMD in women with FHA, with transdermal HRT also improving FN BMD. STUDY REGISTRATION: PROSPERO (CRD42024576872).

References

1. 1.Efthymiadis, A., Tsikopoulos, K., Mills, E. G., Milne, A., Dhillo, W. S., Abbara, A., & Comninos, A. N. (2026). Pharmacological interventions to improve bone density in functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.30786146