Evaluation of the effects of probiotic supplementation on the ecology and inflammatory factors of female vaginal flora: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Clinical Snapshot
PICO Framework
| P — Population | Women requiring vaginal microbiota optimisation or inflammatory status improvement |
| I — Intervention | Probiotic supplementation (various strains and formulations) |
| C — Comparator | Control groups (placebo or standard care) |
| O — Outcomes | Vaginal pH, Nugent score, inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α) |
Bottom Line
This systematic review of 15 randomised controlled trials found that probiotic supplementation modestly reduces vaginal pH, supporting maintenance of vaginal acidity, but shows no significant effect on inflammatory cytokines or Nugent scores. The clinical significance remains questionable given substantial heterogeneity between studies and limited effect sizes. While probiotics appear safe, current evidence is insufficient to recommend routine use for vaginal microbiota optimisation or inflammatory status improvement. Clinicians should counsel patients that while probiotics may support vaginal acidification, robust evidence for broader vaginal health benefits is lacking. Further high-quality trials with standardised probiotic formulations and longer follow-up periods are needed before clinical practice recommendations can be established.
Key Findings
P Value: P = 0.03
Effect Size: OR = 0.36
Primary Outcome: Vaginal pH reduction
Nnt Or Sensitivity: Statistically significant but clinically modest effect on vaginal acidification
Confidence Interval: 95% CI: 0.15-0.89
Clinical Application
Probiotics readily available but evidence insufficient for routine recommendation Not currently listed on PBS for vaginal health indications. TGA-approved probiotic products available over-counter. RACGP guidelines do not specifically recommend probiotics for vaginal health maintenance Women with vaginal dysbiosis, recurrent bacterial vaginosis, or seeking vaginal health optimisation
Abstract
This meta-analysis systematically evaluated the effects of probiotic supplementation on vaginal microbiota and inflammatory factors in women. PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CNKI, and Wanfang were searched from inception to January 2026 for randomized and controlled studies. Outcomes included vaginal pH, Nugent score, and inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α). Fifteen studies were included. Compared with controls, probiotics did not significantly reduce IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, or TNFα levels, nor did they significantly improve Nugent score. However, probiotic supplementation significantly reduced vaginal pH (OR = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.15-0.89; P = 0.03), indicating improved maintenance of a weakly acidic vaginal environment. Sensitivity analyses showed generally stable results, although heterogeneity remained substantial for several outcomes. Overall, probiotics appear effective in modulating vaginal acid-base balance but show limited evidence for improving inflammatory cytokine profiles or restoring vaginal microbiota structure. Current data are insufficient to support routine probiotic use for optimizing vaginal microbiota and inflammatory status. Further high-quality, well-designed randomized controlled trials are required to clarify their clinical benefits. Cette méta-analyse a évalué de manière systématique les effets de la supplémentation en probiotiques sur le microbiote vaginal et les facteurs inflammatoires chez les femmes. Les bases de données PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CNKI et Wanfang ont été consultées depuis leur création jusqu’en janvier 2026 afin d’identifier des études randomisées et contrôlées. Les critères de jugement comprenaient le pH vaginal, le score de Nugent et les cytokines inflammatoires (IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α). Quinze études ont été incluses. Comparativement aux groupes témoins, les probiotiques n’ont pas réduit significativement les concentrations d’IL4, IL-6, IL-10 ou TNF-α, ni amélioré significativement le score de Nugent. En revanche, la supplémentation en probiotiques a significativement réduit le pH vaginal (OR = 0,36 ; IC à 95 % : 0,15–0,89 ; P = 0,03), indiquant un meilleur maintien d’un environnement vaginal faiblement acide. Les analyses de sensibilité ont montré des résultats globalement stables, bien qu’une hétérogénéité substantielle persiste pour plusieurs critères. Dans l’ensemble, les probiotiques semblent efficaces pour moduler l’équilibre acido-basique vaginal, mais les preuves restent limitées quant à leur capacité à améliorer les profils cytokiniques inflammatoires ou à restaurer la structure du microbiote vaginal. Les données actuelles sont insuffisantes pour recommander l’utilisation systématique des probiotiques dans l’optimisation du microbiote vaginal et du statut inflammatoire. Des essais contrôlés randomisés de haute qualité sont nécessaires pour confirmer leurs bénéfices cliniques.
References
- 1.Xu, H., Li, P., Li, X., Li, P., Huang, Z., & Wu, Z. (2026). Evaluation of the effects of probiotic supplementation on the ecology and inflammatory factors of female vaginal flora: a systematic review and meta-analysis. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 30(9). https://doi.org/10.29063/ajrh2026/v30i9.12
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