Mobile-Based Telerehabilitation With Sensors for Adherence and Efficacy in Chronic Patellofemoral Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Inclusion Criteria

Inclusion Criteria: * (1) Anterior knee pain or retro-patellar pain caused by at least two of the following activities: prolonged sitting with knee flexion, bilateral squatting, ascending and descending stairs, kneeling, running, and jumping; * (2) presence of one of the following signs: patellar tenderness, friction pain, or twitching pain, positive single-leg squat test, or positive knee extension resistance test; * (3) knee pain lasting more than 3 months; * (4) knee pain score greater than 3 out of 10 on the VAS; * (5) unilateral pain and symptoms. Exclusion Criteria: * (1) acute injury of the knee ligaments, joint capsule, bursa or meniscus; * (2) knee extension or flexion contracture deformity, thus being unable to perform normal lower limb flexion and extension; * (3) patellofemoral joint dislocation or subluxation; * (4) any traumatic, inflammatory or infectious disease of the lower limbs; * (5) a history of knee surgery; * (6) a history of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, diabetes, tumors; * (7) spinal cord or neurological injury.