Effects of Emotionally and Interactionally Adaptive Real-Time Voice Virtual Patients on Clinical Communication Training in Resident Physicians: A Three-Arm Randomized Controlled Trial

Inclusion Criteria

Inclusion Criteria: * Resident physicians in postgraduate years 1-3. * Participants who had received basic clinical communication training or related instruction. * Participants who had not received systematic, specialized training in breaking bad news communication. * Able to complete two training sessions and the four-week follow-up mini-OSCE assessment. * Willing to participate and able to provide written informed consent. Exclusion Criteria: * Prior systematic training in breaking bad news, advanced communication skills, or similar specialized communication training. * Prior participation in pilot testing or system testing related to this study. * Unable to complete the required training sessions or follow-up assessment. * Unwilling to have training or assessment sessions recorded for research scoring and analysis. * Concurrent participation in another communication-skills intervention study that could affect communication performance. * Any other condition judged by the investigators to make participation inappropriate.