Evaluation of Chronic Postsurgical Pain Risk in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device (CIED) Implantation Using an Artificial Intelligence-Based Clinical Decision (AID) Support System

Inclusion Criteria

Inclusion Criteria: * Adults aged ≥18 years. * Patients who have undergone first-time implantation of a cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED), including pacemaker (PM), implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD), or cardiac resynchronization therapy device (CRT). * Device implantation performed within the past 12 months at Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa Cardiology Institute. * Ability to attend scheduled follow-up visits at 3, 6, and 12 months post-implantation. * Ability to understand study procedures and provide written informed consent. Exclusion Criteria: * History of neuropathic or chronic pain syndromes prior to implantation (e.g., fibromyalgia, diabetic neuropathy). * Presence of neurodegenerative, autoimmune, or vascular disorders affecting peripheral or central pain pathways. * Known malignancy, active infection, or recent trauma in the chest or upper extremities. * Prior CIED replacement or battery exchange procedures. * Use of chronic analgesic or neuropathic pain medications (e.g., opioids, gabapentinoids, antidepressants) for conditions unrelated to the procedure. * Cognitive impairment or psychiatric disorders that may interfere with study participation or reliable pain assessment. * Inability to comply with follow-up or withdrawal of consent at any time.