Validation and Extension Study of the Predictive Model for Intraoperative Hemodynamic Instability in Pheochromocytoma/Paraganglioma Resection - a Single-center, Prospective, Observational Cohort Study

Inclusion Criteria

Inclusion Criteria: * Age ≥ 18 years. * Diagnosed with pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma by imaging and laboratory tests and scheduled for elective resection. * Planned intraoperative continuous invasive arterial pressure monitoring. * Willing and able to provide written informed consent. * Able to comply with preoperative CGM monitoring, AI agent assessment, and postoperative follow-up. Exclusion Criteria: * Intraoperative hemodynamic data missing ≥20%. * Postoperative histopathology excludes PPGL diagnosis. * Cardiac paraganglioma or metastatic PPGL. * Severe cardiac disease (e.g., severe valvular disease, severe heart failure) that could independently cause intraoperative HDI. * Pregnancy or breastfeeding. * Mental illness, cognitive impairment, or communication barriers that prevent compliance with study procedures. * Refusal to undergo CGM monitoring or AI agent assessment. * Major illness (e.g., acute myocardial infarction, stroke, severe infection) within 3 months prior to surgery. * Severe hepatic or renal insufficiency (Child-Pugh class C, eGFR \<30 ml/min/1.73 m²).