Effects of Device-Based and Manual Sensory Acuity Training on Chronic Low Back Pain: A Three-Arm Randomized Controlled Trial Protocol

Inclusion Criteria

Inclusion Criteria: * Age between 25-45 years * No spinal fracture or acute disc herniation * Pain duration ≥ 3 months * Pain intensity ≥ 4/10 * Central Sensitization Scale (CSI) score ≥ 40 * No current psychiatric illness or cognitive impairment * No contraindications to exercise Exclusion Criteria: * Serious spinal pathologies (lumbar stenosis, spondylolisthesis, tumor, infection, metastasis, osteoporotic fracture, severe structural deformities, inflammatory arthritis) * Conditions with radicular involvement or neurological deficits (sciatica, nerve root compression) * Systemic or neurological diseases (diabetes mellitus, neuromuscular diseases, serious central or peripheral nervous system diseases, epilepsy) * Mental disorders * Pregnancy * Lower extremity injuries * Spinal surgery within the last three years * Chronic generalized pain syndromes (fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome) * Individuals receiving other treatment for non-specific chronic low back pain during the study period.