Development and Validation of an Explainable Artificial Intelligence Model for Early Gastric Cancer Diagnosis Using Multimodal Endoscopic Imaging

Inclusion Criteria

Inclusion Criteria: * Age ≥18 years * Suspicious gastric lesions identified on white-light imaging (WLI) * Preoperative biopsy indicating precancerous lesions (dysplasia or intraepithelial neoplasia) or adenocarcinoma, with preoperative magnifying endoscopy with narrow-band imaging (ME-NBI) performed * Patients meeting the absolute indications for endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) and who underwent ESD Exclusion Criteria: * Non-adenocarcinoma histological types (e.g., lymphoma) * Patients who did not undergo ME-NBI examination or did not receive ESD * Lesions invading the muscularis propria or deeper layers * Missing or indeterminate postoperative histopathological results