Effect of a ChatGPT-Driven Blended Teaching Model for Pain Management on Knowledge, Attitudes, Competence, and Self-Efficacy Among Nursing Students: A Two-Arm Parallel-Group Randomized Controlled Trial

Inclusion Criteria

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Undergraduate nursing students in their fourth semester or higher, or master's or doctoral nursing students engaged in clinical training involving direct patient care 2. Provision of electronic informed consent 3. Access to the internet and a personal device (computer, tablet, or smartphone) for the asynchronous components of the blended teaching model 4. No participation in a formal comprehensive pain management course within the previous 12 months Exclusion Criteria: 1. Inability to attend at least one face-to-face session or to complete online activities (e.g., due to repeated absences) 2. Any self-reported or university-documented cognitive or mental health condition that prevented completion of questionnaires or participation in training 3. Voluntary withdrawal at any stage of the study