A Machine Learning Prediction Model for Postoperative Acute Kidney Injury in Non-Cardiac Surgery Patients: Development, Validation, and the Incremental Value of Frailty Assessment

Inclusion Criteria

Inclusion Criteria: * 18 years old or above * Undergo non-cardiac surgery Exclusion Criteria: * At least one measurement of serum creatinine (SCr) was not conducted before and after the operation * End-stage renal disease (ESRD) that has received dialysis within the past year * Baseline SCr ≥ 4.5 mg/dl (because the clinical criteria for AKI based on elevated SCr may not be applicable to these patients) * Acute kidney injury occurred within 7 days before the operation * The surgical procedure is renal surgery * The operation time is less than 2 hours