Study of a Comprehensive Intelligent Hypertension managEment SyStem (CHESS) Evaluation in Primary Health Care Settings

Inclusion Criteria

Inclusion Criteria for Sites: 1. An electronic data collection system is routinely used at the clinic for hypertension management in PHC sites, and the distance between sites must be \>2km; 2. At least one drug of each of the five classes of recommended antihypertensive medications is available at the clinic: * A: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI; e.g., captopril or enalapril); * A: Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB; e.g., losartan or valsartan) * B: β-blockers (e.g., atenolol, metoprolol, or bisoprolol) * C: Calcium antagonists (e.g., nitrendipine, nifedipine, or amlodipine) * D: Diuretics (e.g., hydrochlorothiazide, indapamide, or indapamide SR tablets) 3. Has an outpatient clinic for hypertension treatment and staff are willing to take part in the study. Inclusion Criteria for Participants: 1. Age ≥35 years and \<80 years 2. Local resident of the community/township who attends the PHC clinic for hypertension management, and will not travel for more than 3 months during the study period; 3. Established diagnosis of essential hypertension, with uncontrolled BP before randomization (defined as office BP≥140/90mmHg, and 24-hour ambulatory BP≥130/80mmHg); 4. Own and be able to use a smartphone daily; 5. Be willing to participate in the study and sign the informed consent. Exclusion Criteria for participants: 1. Physician-diagnosed or suspected secondary hypertension (e.g. hypertension caused by renal disease, renal artery stenosis, aortic stenosis, primary aldosteronism, pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma, Cushing's syndrome, thyroid dysfunction, intracranial disease, drug- induced, or rare monogenic genetic disease), or the presence of other structural heart diseases, such as aortic insufficiency, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or congenital heart disease; 2. Office or ambulatory SBP≥180 mmHg and/or DBP≥110 mmHg before randomization; 3. Physician-diagnosed atrial fibrillation; 4. Physician-diagnosed CKD, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) \<60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (if serum creatinine is available), or currently on dialysis treatment; 5. Physician-diagnosed hepatic dysfunction, or ALT≥ 2\*ULN; 6. Currently at the unstable or terminal stage of any disease (e.g. new- onset cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases occurred within 3 months, malignant tumors); 7. Intolerance to at least two classes of antihypertensive medications among A, B, C or D; 8. Currently taking 3 or more antihypertensive drugs; 9. The subject is pregnant or breastfeeding, or planning to become pregnant or breastfeeding during the study period; 10. Have communication or cognitive disorders; 11. Be unwilling to take antihypertensive drugs, or assumed poor adherence to treatment; 12. The subject is participating in other clinical trials at the moment.