Research Appraisals
Evidence-based critical appraisals of the latest medical research, systematically evaluated using Oxford CEBM methodology.
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Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition
Post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) and taurine combination improves anaerobic performance in highly trained wrestlers: a double-blind, randomized, crossover study
BACKGROUND: PAPE is a physiological phenomenon that temporarily enhances muscular strength and responsiveness following high-intensity muscle activity. This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of a PAPE protocol combined with taurine supplementation on anaerobic performance, blood lactate levels, and neuromuscular fatigue in highly trained male wrestlers. METHODS: Twenty elite male wrestlers participated in a double-blind, crossover design comprising three separate sessions: (i) control with no supplementation or PAPE protocol (CON), (ii) PAPE protocol with placebo (PAPE*PLA), and (iii) PAPE protocol with taurine supplementation (PAPE*TAU). In the PAPE*PLA and PAPE*TAU conditions, participants completed 3 sets of 8 repetitions of squat and hip thrust exercises at 85% of their one-repetition maximum. Either a taurine supplement or a sucrose placebo was administered 60 minutes before the protocol. Five minutes after the PAPE protocol, the Wingate anaerobic power (WanT) test was conducted, while CMJ tests were performed before (CMJ-pre), immediately after (CMJ-post), and five minutes following (CMJ-post-5) the WanT. RESULTS: The PAPE*TAU condition resulted in significantly higher peak power output (16.76% increase; p = 0.048) and power relative to body mass (22.24% increase; p = 0.028) compared to PAPE*PLA and CON. Additionally, post-test blood lactate levels were significantly lower in the PAPE*TAU condition (p < 0.05), and CMJ performance was significantly better post-exercise (p < 0.05), indicating reduced neuromuscular fatigue. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the combination of the PAPE protocol with taurine supplementation enhances anaerobic performance, supports neuromuscular function, and promotes metabolic recovery following high-intensity exercise. These findings suggest a synergistic effect that may benefit athletes engaged in explosive and anaerobic sports such as wrestling.
13 May 2026
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Soccer pass performance following caffeine intake with deliberate or maintenance practice
BACKGROUND: The impact of caffeine on strength and endurance performance is well acknowledged, yet its influence on skill performance remains contentious. A potential scenario in which caffeine augments the efficacy of practice could be useful for sports brokers who diligently pursue every nuance to enhance performance. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to examine the impact of 3 mg·kg-1 of caffeinated coffee intake combined with deliberate (DP) or maintenance practice (MP) on passing performance in adolescent football players. The study also discusses how DP and MP affect passing accuracy without considering caffeine or placebo conditions, as well as how athletes perceive DP and MP and whether caffeine supplementation influences these perceptions. METHODS: Fourteen adolescent male football players (14.07 ± 0.26 years; 174.28 ± 3.12 cm; 57.21 ± 8.40 kg) participated in a double-blind, randomized, counterbalanced, and crossover research design. For the experimental protocols, each participant visited an artificial turf pitch on four occasions, separated by 48 h. They received 3 mg·kg-1 of caffeine sourced from coffee with DP (1), caffeinated coffee intake with MP (2), decaffeinated coffee with DP (3), and decaffeinated coffee with MP (4). Upon concluding the practice regimes, the athletes promptly expressed their evaluations of the practice on a scale of 1-10. The Loughborough Soccer Passing Test (LSPT), the One-Touch Passing Test (OTPT), and the Long Passing Test (LPT) were administered to evaluate participants' passing proficiency at both the beginning and end of each session. RESULTS: There was no difference in LSPT, OTPT, or LPT values following caffeine (CAF) and placebo (PLA) supplementation after DP or MP. Regardless of CAF-PLA conditions, although both practices improve the LSPT original time, penalty time, and performance time, only MP increases the LPT score (21.9%; p = 0.03). Caffeine also has no additional modifier effect on practice perceptions. DP is considered more mentally challenging than MP (4.18 ± 2.3 & 1.9 ± 1.2; p > 0.05), but both practices are similar in terms of relevancy, enjoyment, and physicality. CONCLUSION: 3 mg·kg-1 of caffeinated coffee has no additional effects on DP or MP for passing performance. Regardless of CAF or PLA intake, both practices improve short-term passing, yet only MP appears effective for enhancing long-term passing in players with average technical ability. Accordingly, coaches may consider incorporating these strategies into pre-match warm-ups or structured training programs. Moreover, CAF did not influence players' perceptions of the training sessions, particularly when physical demand was minimal. Similarly, when comparing DP and MP, athletes reported similar perceptions, suggesting that the practical application of DP in field-based settings may diverge from its original theoretical framework. Further research needs to clarify how DP principles are implemented and perceived in real-world practice.
23 Apr 2026
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