Safety profile and surgical outcomes of the endoscopic transorbital approach as a skull base surgical corridor: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Clinical Snapshot

Key Findings

• P Value: Not reported for individual outcomes

• Effect Size: CSF leak 1%, wound infection 3%, ptosis 4%, diplopia 6%, visual dysfunction 1%

• Primary Outcome: Safety profile of ETOA with multiple complication rates assessed

• Nnt Or Sensitivity: Visual function improvement in 47% (95% CI: 0.22-0.73), mortality 0%

• Confidence Interval: 95% CIs provided for all outcomes (e.g., CSF leak: 0.00-0.04)

Clinical Application

Requires specialised neurosurgical expertise and endoscopic equipment; technique-dependent outcomes Relevant to Australian neurosurgical centres with endoscopic capabilities; may inform TGA device approvals and training requirements Patients with skull base and orbital lesions suitable for endoscopic approach, particularly meningiomas

Abstract

Endoscopic techniques have enabled minimally invasive approaches in neurosurgery, providing shorter recovery times and favorable outcomes. Among these, the endoscopic transorbital approach (ETOA) has emerged as a versatile surgical modality. Despite the growing body of evidence, complication rates associated with ETOA have not yet been systematically evaluated. We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science up to March 2026. We included studies enrolling ≥ 5 patients who underwent ETOA as the sole surgical modality to treat both skull base and orbital lesions, providing data on early or long-term complications. A single-group meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model with 95% confidence intervals. Heterogeneity was assessed with the I² statistic and further explored through Baujat plots and sensitivity analyses. A total of 11 observational studies, comprising 269 patients, were included. Overall, 21 different pathologies were reported. Meningioma represented the most frequent lesion (60.6% of cases), followed by schwannoma (12.0%), cavernous hemangioma (4.6%), and glioma (2.7%). Mean follow-up was 27.6 ± 15.1 months. CSF leak was observed in 1% (95% CI: 0.00 to 0.04, I² = 46.5%), and wound infection was observed in 3% (95% CI: 0.01 to 0.07, I²=0%). Ptosis occurred in 4% (95% CI: 0.00 to 0.14, I²=79.4%) and diplopia occurred in 6% (95% CI: 0.01 to 0.14, I²=68.9%). Medial gaze palsy occurred in 9% (95% CI: 0.04 to 0.18, I²=8.8%). Improvement in visual function was seen in 47% (95% CI: 0.22 to 0.73, I²=88.7%). Visual dysfunction occurred in 1% (95% CI: 0.00 to 0.04, I²=48.6%). Transient facial numbness occurred in 16% (95% CI: 0.09 to 0.25, I²=35.0%). Mortality was 0% (95% CI: 0.00 to 0.02, I²=28.7%). ETOA is a safe and promising technique for managing a wide range of skull base and orbital lesions. Future prospective and comparative studies are needed to refine indications and validate its long-term efficacy.

References

1. 1.Arend, R., Peroni, B. Z., Ribeiro, F. V., da Silva Mezzari, M. H., Lima, N. L., Kieling, D. M., Kauer, V. L. F., Gnoatto, H. P., Savaris, D. F., Cambruzzi, G., Corin, A. S., Bertani, R., Roman, A., da Silva, M. B. C., Vial, A. D. M., Champagne, P. O., & Gago, G. (2026). Safety profile and surgical outcomes of the endoscopic transorbital approach as a skull base surgical corridor: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosurgical Review. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2017.12.182