Risk and protective factors for suicide-related outcomes among serving military personnel: a systematic review of cohort studies

Clinical Snapshot

Key Findings

• Effect Size: Not reported - qualitative synthesis only

• Primary Outcome: Risk and protective factors for suicide-related outcomes in serving military personnel

• Nnt Or Sensitivity: Unit cohesion identified as protective factor reducing suicidal ideation and attempts

Clinical Application

Many identified risk factors are inherent to military service and non-modifiable, limiting intervention options Highly relevant given Australian Defence Department author affiliations and focus on personnel management practices applicable to ADF context Active duty military personnel across all services, particularly relevant for junior ranks and first-year personnel

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Understanding risk and protective factors for suicide-related outcomes (suicidal ideation, attempts, and deaths) among military personnel is key to the development and design of suicide prevention initiatives. Current literature has predominantly focused on ex-serving or a combination of ex-personnel and serving-personnel. Therefore, factors that may be pertinent for serving personnel are less understood. This review aims to identify risk and protective factors for suicide-related outcomes comprising serving military personnel. METHODS: The review adhered to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines and was registered on PROSPERO. A systematic literature search of academic databases on military personnel and suicide from 2004 was conducted. Two independent reviewers conducted study selection. Inclusion criteria included serving personnel, cohort study design, and suicide-related outcomes. Exclusion criteria were National Guard or reservists, and studies not in English. Data on study and participant characteristics, military-specific variables, and suicide-related outcomes were extracted. All studies were critically appraised. RESULTS: A total of 53 studies were included. Most studies were published in the past 10 years, comprised army personnel from the USA, and focused on suicide attempts. Overarching risk factor categories included adverse military experiences, deployment, repeated help seeking and support, junior rank, occupation and time in service and vulnerability factors within the military context. Since many of these risk factors are inherent to military service, they may potentially be considered non-modifiable. Despite a limited number of studies on protective factors, several studies found that unit cohesion reduced the likelihood of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. CONCLUSIONS: Suicide prevention strategies within the military may be enhanced by targeting risk factors that are potentially modifiable. Less modifiable risk factors could potentially be targeted through improved personnel management practices, particularly in preparation for and after deployment among first-year personnel. Longitudinal research programmes that identify and examine risk and protective factors for serving military personnel are needed. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42024558183.

References

1. 1.Bayliss, L. T., Hawgood, J., Jenkins, Z., Jamieson, N., Heffernan, E., Wild, J., & Kõlves, K. (2026). Risk and protective factors for suicide-related outcomes among serving military personnel: a systematic review of cohort studies. BMJ Military Health. https://doi.org/10.1136/military-2025-003040