Research Appraisalother

Refeeding syndrome ‒ What we know and what remains to be explored.

Nutricion hospitalariaDíaz Vallejo, Jhony Alejandro, González-Correa, Aida María, González-Correa, Clara Helena23 Apr 2026DOI

Clinical Snapshot

35CEBM
Evidence: Weakother

PICO Framework

P — PopulationMalnourished individuals at risk of refeeding syndrome
I — InterventionNutritional reintroduction strategies and management approaches
C — ComparatorVarious diagnostic criteria, biomarkers, and therapeutic protocols
O — OutcomesPathophysiological mechanisms, clinical manifestations, diagnostic accuracy, and therapeutic effectiveness

Bottom Line

This narrative review examines current knowledge of refeeding syndrome, a serious metabolic complication affecting malnourished patients during nutritional rehabilitation. While the review identifies key pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical manifestations, it suffers from significant methodological limitations including lack of systematic search strategy and quality assessment. The authors acknowledge substantial knowledge gaps remain, particularly in early diagnosis, prevention strategies, and standardized treatment protocols. The review highlights the need for reliable biomarkers and increased clinical research, especially in underrepresented populations. For Australian clinicians, this reinforces the importance of following established guidelines for nutritional rehabilitation while recognizing that evidence-based protocols continue to evolve. The multidisciplinary approach to prevention emphasized by the authors aligns with current Australian practice standards, though more robust systematic reviews are needed to guide evidence-based care.

Evidence: Weak

Key Findings

  • Effect Size: Not applicable - narrative review

  • Primary Outcome: Current understanding of refeeding syndrome pathophysiology and management

  • Nnt Or Sensitivity: Not applicable - descriptive review of current knowledge

  • Confidence Interval: Not provided

Clinical Application

Limited by lack of standardized protocols and reliable biomarkers as identified by authors Relevant to Australian practice given similar patient populations, though specific local guidelines and protocols would need consideration alongside international evidence Malnourished patients in hospital and community settings, particularly those at high risk for refeeding syndrome

Abstract

Background: refeeding syndrome (RS) is a serious metabolic complication that occurs upon reintroducing nutrition to malnourished individuals. Although formally recognized for more than 70 years, significant gaps in its understanding remain. Objective: to conduct a narrative review on the current state of knowledge regarding RS, its recent advances, existing gaps, and future perspectives. Methods: an integrative review was conducted using articles published between 2000 and 2024 from international databases, following a systematic methodology of literature search, selection, and analysis. Results: the main pathophysiological mechanisms of RS, its multisystemic clinical manifestations, current diagnostic criteria, and risk-based therapeutic strategies were identified. Despite advances in biomarkers and personalized nutrition, challenges remain in early diagnosis, prevention, and treatment, especially in vulnerable populations. Conclusions: RS continues to pose a complex clinical challenge that requires standardized protocols, identification of reliable biomarkers, and increased clinical research, particularly in underrepresented regions such as Latin America. Prevention, based on a multidisciplinary approach, is important to reducing its impact. Introducción: el síndrome de realimentación (SR) es una complicación metabólica grave que ocurre tras reintroducir la nutrición en personas desnutridas. Aunque formalmente reconocido desde hace más de 70 años, aún existen importantes lagunas en su comprensión. Objetivo: realizar una revisión narrativa sobre el estado actual del conocimiento del SR, sus avances recientes, las brechas existentes y las perspectivas futuras. Métodos: se realizó una revisión integrativa de artículos publicados entre 2000 y 2024 en bases de datos internacionales, siguiendo una metodología sistemática de búsqueda, selección y análisis de la literatura. Resultados: se identificaron los principales mecanismos fisiopatológicos del SR, sus manifestaciones clínicas multisistémicas, los criterios diagnósticos actuales y las estrategias terapéuticas basadas en el riesgo. A pesar de los avances en términos de biomarcadores y nutrición personalizada, persisten desafíos en el diagnóstico precoz, la prevención y el tratamiento, especialmente en las poblaciones vulnerables. Conclusiones: el SR sigue siendo un reto clínico complejo que exige protocolos estandarizados, identificación de biomarcadores fiables y una mayor investigación clínica, especialmente en regiones poco estudiadas como América Latina. La prevención basada en un enfoque multidisciplinario es clave para reducir su impacto.

References

  1. 1.Díaz Vallejo, J. A., González-Correa, A. M., & González-Correa, C. H. (2026). Refeeding syndrome ‒ What we know and what remains to be explored. Nutricion Hospitalaria. https://doi.org/10.20960/nh.05973
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