Long-term effects of colonoscopy screening on colorectal cancer incidence and mortality: a multicountry, population-based randomised controlled trial

Clinical Snapshot

Key Findings

• P Value: Not explicitly stated but CI excludes 1.0

• Effect Size: 19% relative risk reduction in colorectal cancer incidence

• Primary Outcome: Colorectal cancer incidence: 1.46% screening vs 1.80% control group

• Nnt Or Sensitivity: NNT = 294 (based on 0.34% absolute risk reduction over 13 years)

• Confidence Interval: RR 0.81 (95% CI 0.71-0.90)

Clinical Application

Single colonoscopy screening feasible in Australian healthcare system with established endoscopy services Aligns with current NHMRC guidelines recommending screening from age 50. Results support colonoscopy as alternative to current faecal immunochemical test programme Adults aged 55-64 years at average risk for colorectal cancer

Abstract

BACKGROUND: We previously reported the 10-year effects of colonoscopy screening on colorectal cancer incidence and mortality. Here, we report the effects after 13 years of follow-up. METHODS: In this multicountry, population-based randomised controlled trial, 84 583 men and women aged 55-64 years at enrolment from Norway, Poland, and Sweden were randomly allocated (1:2) to colonoscopy screening or no screening and analysed. The primary outcomes were colorectal cancer incidence and mortality after 10-15 years of follow-up in intention-to-screen analyses, with first analysis after 10 years, and repeated every other year or at longer intervals. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00883792, and is ongoing. FINDINGS: At 13 years of follow-up, colorectal cancer incidence was 375 colorectal cancers (1·46%) of 28 217 individuals in the screening group and 912 colorectal cancers (1·80%) of 56 366 individuals in the no-screening group. The risk ratio (RR) was 0·81 (95% CI 0·71-0·90) in intention-to-screen analyses and 0·55 (0·33-0·81) in per-protocol analyses. The risk for proximal colorectal cancer was 129 (0·51%) in the screening group versus 283 (0·56%) in the no-screening group (RR 0·91 [0·71-1·09]), and the risk for distal colorectal cancer was 224 (0·87%) in the screening group versus 563 (1·11%) in the no-screening group (RR 0·79 [0·65-0·89]; interaction p<0·0001). In men, the colorectal cancer risk was 214 (1·69%) of 14 154 in the screening group and 541 (2·19%) of 28 247 in the no-screening group (RR 0·77 [0·64 to -0·88]); in women, the risk was 161 (1·24%) of 14 063 in the screening group versus 371 (1·43%) of 28 119 in the no-screening group (RR 0·87 [0·70 to 1·02]; interaction p<0·0001). Colorectal cancer mortality was 106 (0·41%) of 28 217 in the screening group and 236 (0·47%) of 56 366 in the no-screening group (intention-to-screen RR 0·88 [0·68-1·08], per-protocol RR 0·70 [0·26-1·25]). The observed colorectal cancer mortality in the non-screening group (0·47%) was substantially lower than expected at the time of designing the trial (0·82%). INTERPRETATION: One colonoscopy significantly reduced colorectal cancer incidence but not mortality over 13 years. Colorectal cancer mortality was lower in both study groups than when the trial was designed. FUNDING: The Norwegian Research Council, the Nordic Cancer Union, the Norwegian Cancer Society, and the Health Fund of South-East Norway.

References

1. 1.Kaminski, M. F., Kalager, M., Løberg, M., Emilsson, L., Macios, A., Samy, F., Shi, J., Fielding, S., Hernán, M. A., Garborg, K., Rupinski, M., Dekker, E., Spaander, M., Holme, Ø., Zauber, A. G., Pilonis, N. D., Didkowska, J., Spychalski, P., Hoff, G., Regula, J., Adami, H.-O., & Bretthauer, M. (2026). Long-term effects of colonoscopy screening on colorectal cancer incidence and mortality: a multicountry, population-based randomised controlled trial. *Lancet*, *407*(10462), 1234-1245. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(26)00508-8