Research AppraisalSystematic Review

Large Language Models in Ophthalmology: A Bibliographic Analysis

Turkish journal of ophthalmologyKöseoğlu, Neslihan Dilruba, Liu, T Y Alvin27 Apr 2026DOI

Clinical Snapshot

65CEBM
Evidence: ModerateSystematic Review

PICO Framework

P — PopulationResearch articles on large language models in ophthalmology published in PubMed through November 2024
I — InterventionBibliographic analysis categorizing LLM applications into clinical decision-making, education, patient interactions, and miscellaneous applications
C — ComparatorDistribution analysis across subspecialties, geographic regions, journal quality, and author characteristics
O — OutcomesDistribution patterns, gender disparities, geographic representation, and journal impact factors in LLM ophthalmology research

Bottom Line

This bibliographic analysis reveals that large language model research in ophthalmology is predominantly focused on clinical decision-making, particularly in retinal diseases, with most research originating from North America and published in high-impact journals. The study highlights significant gender disparities across all author positions and geographic concentration of research efforts. While providing valuable insights into the research landscape, the analysis is limited by its single-database approach and lack of detailed methodology. The findings suggest opportunities for more diverse participation in LLM ophthalmology research, particularly from underrepresented regions and female researchers. For Australian ophthalmologists, this represents an opportunity to contribute to an emerging field where geographic diversity could enhance the global applicability of LLM tools in clinical practice.

Evidence: Moderate

Key Findings

  • P Value: Not applicable - descriptive analysis only

  • Effect Size: North America contributed 48.3% of research, Asia 29.9%, Europe 20.7%

  • Primary Outcome: Clinical decision-making was the most common LLM application (43.7%), with retina subspecialty predominating (39.5%)

  • Nnt Or Sensitivity: 74.7% of studies published in Q1 journals; gender disparity evident with only 29.9% female first authors

  • Confidence Interval: Not provided

Clinical Application

Findings inform research priorities and highlight need for diverse participation in LLM development Limited Australian representation implied; findings relevant for understanding global research gaps and opportunities for Australian contribution to LLM ophthalmology research Ophthalmologists, researchers, and healthcare administrators interested in LLM implementation and research priorities

Abstract

This study evaluated the distribution of research on the use of large language models (LLMs) in ophthalmology through a bibliographic analysis of articles retrieved from PubMed through November 2024. Studies were categorized into four main areas of LLM application: clinical decision-making (further divided according to subspecialties), education, patient interactions, and miscellaneous applications. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the distribution of studies by ophthalmic subspecialty, geographical region, journal quality, and author characteristics, including gender and scholarly impact (h-index and i10-index). The findings revealed that clinical decision-making was the most common application (43.7%), with the majority of studies in this subgroup focusing on the retina (39.5%). Geographically, most of the research originated from North America (48.3%), followed by Asia (29.9%) and Europe (20.7%). Most studies were published in high-impact journals (Q1 journals: 74.7%), particularly for those related to clinical decision-making in retina (80.0%), glaucoma (100%), and multiple subspecialties (87.5%). Gender disparities were evident across all author roles, with female authors accounting for only 29.9% of first authors, 25.3% of last authors, and 26.4% of corresponding authors. The results suggest a need for greater diversity in terms of gender and geographic representation in LLM research in ophthalmology to promote inclusive progress in the field. Bu çalışma, PubMed’de Kasım 2024’e kadar yayımlanmış göz hastalıkları alanında büyük dil modellerinin (BDM) kullanımı ile ilgili araştırmaların bibliyografik analizini amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmalar, klinik karar desteği (yandallara göre ayrılmış), eğitim, hasta etkileşimleri ve diğer uygulamalar olmak üzere BDM yöntemlerinin dört ana uygulama alanına göre kategorize edilmiştir. Tanımlayıcı istatistikler kullanılarak çalışmaların, oftalmoloji alt uzmanlıkları, coğrafi bölge, dergi kalitesi ve yazar özellikleri (cinsiyet ve bilimsel etki, h-endeksi ve i10-endeksi dahil) açısından dağılımı analiz edilmiştir. Bulgularımız, klinik karar desteğinin en yaygın uygulama olduğunu (%43,7) ve bu alt grup içerisinde çalışmaların çoğunun retina üzerine odaklandığını (%39,5) ortaya koymuştur. Coğrafi olarak, araştırmaların çoğu Kuzey Amerika’dan (%48,3) yayımlanmakta olup sırasıyla Asya (%29,9) ve Avrupa (%20,7) Kuzey Amerika’yı izlemektedir. Çoğu çalışma, özellikle de klinik karar desteği alt grubunda, retina (%80,0), glokom (%100) ve birden fazla alt uzmanlık dalını kapsayan çalışmalar (%87,5), yüksek etki faktörüne sahip dergilerde yayımlanmıştır (Q1 dergileri: %74,7). Cinsiyet dağılımındaki eşitsizlik, tüm yazar rollerinde belirgin olarak gözlemlenmiştir. Çalışmalarda kadın yazarlar, ilk yazarların yalnızca %29,9’unu, son yazarların %25,3’ünü ve sorumlu yazarların %26,4’ünü oluşturmuştur. Sonuçlar, göz hastalıkları alanındaki BDM araştırmalarında cinsiyet ve coğrafi temsilde daha fazla çeşitliliğe ihtiyaç duyulduğunu ve bu çeşitliliğin alandaki kapsayıcı ilerlemeyi teşvik edeceğini göstermektedir.

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