i-CARE: a smartphone-based intervention to enhance cardiac rehabilitation in coronary artery disease-a randomized controlled trial

Clinical Snapshot

Key Findings

• P Value: Self-care maintenance: P = 0.003; Self-care confidence: P = 0.015

• Effect Size: Self-care maintenance: β = 4.055; Self-care confidence: β = 5.609

• Primary Outcome: Significant improvements in self-care maintenance (β = 4.055, P = 0.003) and self-care confidence (β = 5.609, P = 0.015) at 3 months, sustained at 6 months

• Nnt Or Sensitivity: Not calculable from provided data - continuous outcomes reported as mean differences

• Confidence Interval: Self-care maintenance: 95% CI 1.420-6.691; Self-care confidence: 95% CI 1.089-10.129

Clinical Application

High feasibility in developed healthcare systems with smartphone penetration. Requires initial setup and patient education but minimal ongoing healthcare provider involvement Highly relevant to Australian practice given similar healthcare challenges, smartphone adoption rates, and cardiac rehabilitation access barriers. Could complement existing cardiac rehabilitation programs and align with telehealth initiatives supported by Medicare Community-dwelling adults with established coronary artery disease suitable for cardiac rehabilitation, particularly those with smartphone access and digital literacy

Abstract

AIMS: The global shortage of healthcare professionals creates challenges in managing chronic diseases. This study evaluated a remotely delivered, theory-based self-care support intervention, 'Internet-based CArdiac Rehabilitation Enhancement (i-CARE)', delivered through a smartphone application to enhance self-management in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS AND RESULTS: In this assessor-blinded, two-arm randomized controlled trial conducted at two regional hospitals in Hong Kong, community-dwelling adults with angiographically confirmed CAD were randomly assigned (1:1) to standard care or the i-CARE intervention. i-CARE included personalized risk assessment, skill-building, and app-based support to improve self-care behaviours. The primary outcome was change in CAD self-care behaviours; secondary outcomes were self-reported health status, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), physiological, and biomarkers. Of 294 participants randomized (n = 147 per group), the i-CARE group showed significant greater improvements in self-care maintenance [β = 4.055, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.420-6.691, P = 0.003] and self-care confidence (β = 5.609, 95% CI 1.089-10.129, P = 0.015) at 3 months, sustained at 6 months. For secondary outcomes, the intervention also resulted in significant reductions in systolic (β = -3.725, 95% CI -7.322 to -0.128, P = 0.042) and diastolic (β = -2.153, 95% CI -4.228 to -0.079, P = 0.042) blood pressure and improvements in HRQoL at 3 months (β = 0.208, 95% CI 0.073-0.343, P = 0.003), with persistent benefits for diastolic blood pressure and HRQoL sustained at 6 months. No significant differences were observed for cardiac-specific health status, blood glucose, lipid profile, or waist-to-height ratio. CONCLUSION: Remotely delivered i-CARE intervention effectively promote self-care among CAD patients and may help address critical healthcare workforce shortages, while also conferring secondary benefits in blood pressure and HRQoL. Cardiac rehabilitation is a comprehensive management approach with proven clinical benefits to delay disease progression. However, the participation rate in cardiac rehabilitation remains low due to common barriers such as time constraints and need for transportation to centres. Mobile health applications offer innovative solutions to overcome these barriers providing multidimensional support to meet the complex needs of coronary artery disease (CAD) patients and enhance their self-management capabilities. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of an internet-based Cardiac Rehabilitation Enhancement (i-CARE) intervention among community-dwelling adults with angiographically diagnosed CAD to enhance self-care behaviours. The findings showed promising potential of digital health interventions to improve self-care behaviours, blood pressure control, and health-related quality of life in CAD patients.

References

1. 1.Li, P. W. C., Yu, D. S. F., Chan, B. S., Wong, C. W., Wong, C. W. Y., & Chung, H. S. W. (2026). i-CARE: a smartphone-based intervention to enhance cardiac rehabilitation in coronary artery disease-a randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjpc/zwaf509