Functional neurobehaviour of the human fetus: a comprehensive framework for prenatal assessment using 4D ultrasound and AI

Clinical Snapshot

Key Findings

• Effect Size: Not quantified - narrative synthesis

• Primary Outcome: Fetal motor sequences and movement variability show hierarchical maturation consistent with neural circuit development

• Nnt Or Sensitivity: KANET parameters showed meaningful correlation with neonatal neurodevelopment, particularly in high-risk pregnancies

Clinical Application

Limited by requirement for specialized 4D ultrasound equipment and trained operators skilled in neurobehavioural assessment Would require significant investment in equipment and training; not currently covered by Medicare for routine screening; may be relevant for high-risk pregnancies in tertiary centres Pregnant women, particularly those at high risk for fetal neurodevelopmental abnormalities

Abstract

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate current evidence on prenatal neurobehavioural assessment using four-dimensional ultrasound (4D-US), structured scoring systems, and emerging artificial intelligence (AI) platforms, and to develop an integrated framework for early identification of neurodevelopmental vulnerability. METHODS: A narrative review of the literature from 2000 to 2025 was conducted following PRISMA-guided organisational principles to enhance transparency. Studies were eligible if they used 3D/4D ultrasound to assess fetal neurobehaviour, including spontaneous motor activity, facial expressions, or behavioural transitions. Specific tools examined included the Kurjak Antenatal Neurodevelopmental Test (KANET), prenatal General Movements Assessment (GMA), and AI-assisted behavioural analysis systems. Methodological quality was appraised using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist. Data extraction focused on imaging protocols, behavioural parameters, scoring systems, and associations with neonatal neurological outcomes. RESULTS: Fifty eligible studies demonstrated that fetal motor sequences, movement variability, and facial expressions exhibit hierarchical maturation consistent with developmental progression of brainstem, subcortical, and cortical neural circuits. KANET parameters showed reproducible scoring and meaningful correlation with neonatal neurodevelopment, particularly in high-risk pregnancies. Prenatal general movement patterns displayed continuity with postnatal repertoires and contributed to early neurological prediction. AI-based classifiers provided objective quantification of fetal movement and facial activity, supporting automated or semi-automated assessment workflows. CONCLUSIONS: Functional neurobehavioural assessment using 4D-US, structured scoring tools, and AI-enhanced analysis is feasible, reproducible, and clinically informative. Integrating behavioural markers with neurosonographic findings and computational modelling may strengthen early detection of neurological risk and improve long-term neurodevelopmental care pathways.

References

1. 1.Dewantiningrum, J., Andonotopo, W., Bachnas, M. A., Prabowo, W., Yuliantara, E. E., Pramono, M. B. A., Lukas, E., Sanjaya, I. N. H., Wiradnyana, A. A. G. P., Kusuma, A. A. N. J., Gumilar, K. E., Darmawan, E., Akbar, M. I. A., Aldiansyah, D., Suryawan, A., Putra, R. A., Anwar, A. D., Yeni, C. M., Bernolian, N., Nugraha, L. A. K., Andanaputra, W. E. K., Dharma, W. A. K., Sulistyowati, S., Stanojevic, M., & Kurjak, A. (2026). Functional neurobehaviour of the human fetus: a comprehensive framework for prenatal assessment using 4D ultrasound and AI. Journal of Perinatal Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1002/pd.6345