Explainable AI in Cancer Imaging: Scoping Review of Methods, Modalities, and Clinical Integration

Clinical Snapshot

Key Findings

• P Value: Not applicable for scoping review

• Effect Size: 371 studies analysed across multiple cancer types and imaging modalities

• Primary Outcome: Mapping of xAI implementation patterns in cancer imaging research

• Nnt Or Sensitivity: Only 17.5% of studies provided reproducible code; 12.1% reported clinical integration

• Confidence Interval: Not applicable for scoping review

Clinical Application

Limited by poor reproducibility (17.5% code availability) and minimal clinical integration (12.1%) Relevant to TGA medical device regulations for AI software, RACGP digital health guidelines, and Cancer Australia imaging protocols Oncologists, radiologists, and medical imaging specialists using or considering AI-assisted cancer diagnostics

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Explainable artificial intelligence (xAI) is increasingly used in medical imaging to enhance transparency, clinical interpretability, and trust in artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted diagnostics, particularly in oncology. Evidence on how explainability is implemented, validated, and reported in cancer imaging remains fragmented. OBJECTIVE: This scoping review aimed to systematically map research applying xAI methods to radiologic cancer imaging, summarize methodological and clinical trends, and identify persistent gaps in validation and integration. METHODS: We conducted a structured search of PubMed and Scopus (final search executed on October 20, 2025), covering studies published from 2017 to December 2024. Eligible peer-reviewed articles using machine learning or deep learning were analyzed with a focus on xAI components. Data from 371 studies were extracted into predefined categories covering cancer type, imaging modality, AI model, xAI method, terminology, validation, code availability, and decision support system integration. RESULTS: Studies focused primarily on breast (112/371, 30.2%), lung (87/371, 23.5%), and brain (56/371, 15.1%) cancers, with prostate, thyroid, and liver cancers also represented. The primary imaging modalities were computed tomography (139/371, 37.5%) and magnetic resonance imaging (104/371, 28%). Deep learning was used in 70.1% (260/371) of studies, classical machine learning in 18.1% (67/371), hybrid pipeline methods for 10% (37/371), and emerging concept-, prototype-, or causal-based approaches accounted for 1.9% (7/371) of studies. Post hoc xAI methods were dominant (305/371, 82.2%), with visualization (163/371, 53.4%), and feature relevance (111/371, 36.4%) as the most common subcategories. Hybrid post hoc or inherent approaches comprised 12.1% (45/371) and intrinsically interpretable methods 5.7% (21/371). Data sources were mostly public (149/371, 40.2%) or mixed (100/371, 26.9%); 22.9% (85/371) used private institutional datasets, and 7.8% (29/371) did not report data sources. Among validated studies, expert or user-based validation was most common (104/193, 53.9%), followed by mixed methods (74/193, 38.3%), while quantitative metrics (10/193, 5.2%) and clinical knowledge-based (8/193, 4.1%) validation remained rare. Only 17.5% (65/371) of studies provided code and 12.1% (45/371) reported decision support system integration, with few achieving actual clinical deployment. CONCLUSIONS: This scoping review maps xAI implementation across multiple cancer imaging modalities, revealing methodological inconsistency and insufficient validation. Most research emphasizes visualization over quantitative interpretability, and few models are reproducible or clinically implemented. These findings provide an evidence base for researchers, clinicians, and regulators to prioritize standardization of xAI reporting, quantitative validation, and user-centered frameworks to advance trustworthy AI in oncology imaging.

References

1. 1.Fotopoulos, D., Ladakis, I., Filos, D., Moreno-Sánchez, P. A., van Gils, M., & Chouvarda, I. (2026). Explainable AI in Cancer Imaging: Scoping Review of Methods, Modalities, and Clinical Integration. Journal of Medical Internet Research. https://doi.org/10.2196/80645