Research AppraisalSystematic Review

Effects of manual therapy on pain and function in patients with plantar fasciitis: A systematic review of the literature

MedwaveGajardo-Valenzuela, Ignacio, Ibarra Acevedo, Marcelo, Garmendia Mansilla, José et al.22 May 2026DOI

Clinical Snapshot

60CEBM
Evidence: WeakSystematic Review

PICO Framework

P — PopulationAdults aged 18-60 years with clinical diagnosis of plantar fasciitis
I — InterventionManual therapy techniques
C — ComparatorControl groups (not specified in abstract)
O — OutcomesPain intensity and functional improvement

Bottom Line

This systematic review examined manual therapy for plantar fasciitis but provides insufficient evidence to guide clinical practice. Despite a comprehensive search strategy and appropriate methodology, only four small RCTs (224 participants) met inclusion criteria. Results were heterogeneous and controversial, with three studies showing high risk of bias and PEDro scores indicating poor methodological quality (4-6/10). While two studies suggested clinically relevant improvements with manual therapy, the overall evidence is too limited and inconsistent to recommend specific manual therapy protocols. The authors appropriately conclude that effects are uncertain and call for larger, higher-quality RCTs with standardised protocols. Clinicians should interpret manual therapy benefits cautiously and consider it as part of multimodal treatment approaches rather than standalone intervention, pending stronger evidence.

Evidence: Weak

Key Findings

  • P Value: Not reported

  • Effect Size: Not reported - described as 'controversial statistical differences'

  • Primary Outcome: Pain intensity and functional improvement

  • Nnt Or Sensitivity: Two studies reported clinically relevant changes favouring manual therapy

  • Confidence Interval: Not reported

Clinical Application

Manual therapy is widely available but evidence insufficient to guide specific protocols Relevant to Australian physiotherapy and podiatry practice. Manual therapy not specifically covered under PBS but available through private practice and some public allied health services Adults 18-60 years with clinically diagnosed plantar fasciitis

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Plantar fasciitis is common and impairs people's ability to move. Manual therapy is frequently used to treat plantar fasciitis. However, its effects are inconclusive. For this reason, the purpose of this systematic review is to determine the effect of manual therapy on plantar fasciitis. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was conducted, following the PRISMA checklist. Five databases (CINAHL, Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and OVID) were searched, along with a review of the gray literature and a manual search. Randomized clinical trials from 2014 to 2024 were selected that examined the efficacy of manual therapy in reducing pain intensity and improving function in patients aged 18 to 60 years with a clinical diagnosis of plantar fasciitis. Methodological quality (PEDro scale) and risk of bias (risk of bias scale) were assessed. RESULTS: Four randomized clinical trials (n = 224) were included, reporting controversial statistical differences in pain and function. In addition, two studies reported clinically relevant changes favoring manual therapy. PEDro scale scores ranged from 4 to 6, and three studies presented a high risk of bias. CONCLUSIONS: The effects of manual therapy on pain and function in patients with plantar fasciitis are uncertain. The evidence is limited, heterogeneous, and lacking in methodological rigor. A larger number of randomized clinical trials with more consistent, replicable protocols are needed to determine the contributions of manual therapy to improving pain and function in patients with plantar fasciitis. Similarly, the inconsistency and limited evidence on indicators of clinical significance in the selected studies preclude an assessment of the clinical impact of this intervention. PROSPERO REGISTRATION: CRD42024501550. OBJETIVO: La fascitis plantar es común y genera alteraciones en la capacidad de moverse de las personas. La terapia manual se aplica frecuentemente en la fascitis plantar. Sin embargo, sus efectos no son concluyentes. Por esta razón, el propósito de esta revisión sistemática es determinar del efecto de la terapia manual sobre la fascitis plantar. MÉTODOS: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura, considerando la lista de verificación de PRISMA. Se consultaron cinco bases de datos (CINAHL, Scopus, PubMed, y OVID) junto con consulta de la literatura gris y búsqueda manual. Se seleccionaron ensayos clínicos aleatorios de 2014 a 2024 que consideraron la eficacia de la terapia manual en el cambio de la intensidad del dolor y funcionalidad en pacientes con diagnóstico clínico de fascitis plantar entre 18 y 60 años. Se determinó la calidad metodológica (escala PEDro) y riesgo de sesgo (escala riesgo de sesgo). RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron cuatro ensayos clínicos aleatorizados (n = 224), que reportaron diferencias estadísticas controversiales para dolor y la funcionalidad. Además, dos estudios reportaron cambios clínicamente relevantes a favor de la terapia manual. Los puntajes de la escala PEDro variaron de 4 a 6, y tres estudios presentaron alto riesgo de sesgo. CONCLUSIONES: Los efectos de la terapia manual sobre el dolor y la funcionalidad en pacientes con fascitis plantar son inciertos. La evidencia es limitada, heterogénea y con bajo rigor metodológico. Es necesario un mayor número de ensayos clínicos aleatorizados, con protocolos más consistentes y replicables para concluir definitivamente sobre los aportes de la terapia manual en los efectos clínicos en el dolor y funcionalidad de pacientes con fascitis plantar. De igual forma, la inconsistencia y limitada evidencia de indicadores de significancia clínica en los estudios seleccionados, no permite evaluar el impacto clínico de esta intervención. REGISTRO DEL PROTOCOLO: PROSPERO CRD42024501550.

References

  1. 1.Gajardo-Valenzuela, I., Ibarra Acevedo, M., Garmendia Mansilla, J., Orrego Lagos, L., Yáñez Verdugo, J., Fuentes Contreras, J., & Espí-López, G. V. (2026). Effects of manual therapy on pain and function in patients with plantar fasciitis: A systematic review of the literature. Medwave. https://doi.org/10.5867/medwave.2026.04.3085
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