Deep learning in fetal, infant, and toddler neuroimaging research.

Clinical Snapshot

Key Findings

• P Value: Not applicable - narrative review

• Effect Size: Not applicable - narrative review

• Primary Outcome: Overview of deep learning applications in fetal, infant, and toddler neuroimaging

• Nnt Or Sensitivity: High citation count (188) suggests significant academic impact

• Confidence Interval: Not applicable - narrative review

Clinical Application

Implementation requires specialized technical expertise and computational resources Relevant to Australian pediatric radiology and neurology services; may require investment in AI infrastructure and training consistent with TGA digital health frameworks Pediatric patients requiring neuroimaging from fetal period through toddlerhood

Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly being integrated into everyday tasks and work environments. However, its adoption in medical image analysis has progressed more slowly due to high clinical stakes, limited availability of labeled data, and substantial variability in imaging protocols and population. These challenges are further pronounced in the field of fetal, infant, and toddler (FIT) neuroimaging, where datasets are especially scarce and subject to large amounts of anatomical variability. However, deep learning (DL), a specific method within machine learning, which is itself a subfield of AI, has emerged as a powerful framework to adapt to the challenges of medical image analysis. This review is written for the broad FIT research community, including clinicians, neuroscientists, and develop mental scientists who may not have formal training in AI. To make the material accessible, we provide a concise overview of DL concepts before reviewing a selected, and non-exhaustive, list of applications of DL in FIT neuroimaging, including structural image analysis, enhancement of data acquisition, modeling of cognitive and perceptual processes, and automated video tagging. In closing, we discuss best practices for data curation, ongoing challenges, and opportunities for future research.

References

1. 1.Chin, J. H., Wyburd, M. K., Ayzenberg, V., Bayet, L., Bilgic, B., Chen, E. M., Chen, Y., Dineen, Á., Fujita, S., Liu, J., Jun, Y., Camacho, M. C., & Zöllei, L. (2026). Deep learning in fetal, infant, and toddler neuroimaging research. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116946