Breastfeeding initiation and continuation among women on medicines: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Clinical Snapshot

Key Findings

• P Value: High heterogeneity p<0.001; Country income effect p=0.04

• Effect Size: Substantial decline from initiation to 6-month continuation (22.0 percentage point difference)

• Primary Outcome: Breastfeeding initiation: 75.2% (95% CI 69.8-80.7%); 6-month continuation: 53.2% (95% CI 43-63%)

• Nnt Or Sensitivity: Meta-regression coefficients: antidepressants β=-0.45, opioids β=-0.50 for reduced continuation

• Confidence Interval: Initiation: 69.8-80.7%; Continuation: 43-63%

Clinical Application

Findings support need for medication-specific lactation counselling and healthcare provider education Relevant to Australian practice given high-income country findings showing lower continuation rates; supports TGA pregnancy/lactation categorisation system and RACGP breastfeeding guidelines Women requiring medications during pregnancy or breastfeeding across diverse healthcare settings

Abstract

OBJECTIVES: Breastfeeding provides essential health benefits for infants and mothers, yet initiation and continuation can be influenced by maternal medication use. Uncertainty regarding medication safety may lead to early discontinuation or avoidance of necessary treatment. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the prevalence of breastfeeding initiation and continuation at 6 months post partum among women using medications. DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, Web of Science, Academic Search Premier (EBSCO) and Google Scholar were searched up to 30 November 2024. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: For selecting studies: We included cohort, cross-sectional and observational studies reporting breastfeeding initiation at birth and continuation at 6 months post partum among women aged ≥18 years using medications during pregnancy or post partum. Studies reporting medication type and duration of breastfeeding were prioritised. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Two independent reviewers screened, extracted and coded data using standardised methods. Risk of bias was assessed using validated tools. Pooled prevalence estimates were calculated using a random effects meta-analysis and meta-regression was performed to explore factors associated with breastfeeding outcomes. Findings were summarised in GRADE evidence profiles and synthesised qualitatively. RESULTS: Of 286 retrieved articles, 29 met the inclusion criteria and 28 were included in the meta-analysis. 14 (48%) were cohort studies reporting breastfeeding prevalence while using medications. The pooled prevalence of breastfeeding initiation among women on medication during pregnancy or post partum was 75.2% (95% CI 69.8% to 80.7%; range 14-98%), with high heterogeneity (I²=99.2%, p<0.001). Overall prevalence of breastfeeding at 6 months post partum was 53.2% (95% CI 43% to 63%). Meta-regression showed that women in high-income countries were less likely to initiate (β=-0.27, 95% CI -0.54 to -0.00, p=0.04) or continue breastfeeding at 6 months (β=-0.27, 95% CI -0.54 to -0.01, p=0.04). Women using antidepressants (β=-0.45, 95% CI -0.87 to -0.02, p=0.04) and opioids (β=-0.50, 95% CI -0.93 to -0.08, p=0.02) were less likely to continue breastfeeding at 6 months. Women living with HIV on ART in low- and middle-income countries had higher continuation rates, likely due to supportive public health programmes. CONCLUSION: Breastfeeding initiation among women using medications is generally high, but continuation declines substantially, particularly among women on psychotropic, opioid or antiepileptic drugs. HIV status, medication type, healthcare support and national guidelines influence breastfeeding outcomes. Targeted interventions, including provider education, medication-specific lactation guidance and supportive workplace policies, are essential to promote sustained breastfeeding among women using medications.

References

1. 1.Nakijoba, R., Musaazi, J., Kyohaire, I., Atuyambe, L., Waitt, C., & Kiguba, R. (2026). Breastfeeding initiation and continuation among women on medicines: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2025-107274