Aerobic exercise and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with diabetes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: a nationwide population-based study

Clinical Snapshot

Key Findings

• P Value: Not specified in abstract

• Effect Size: Exercise maintainers: 22% risk reduction (aHR 0.78)

• Primary Outcome: Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE)

• Nnt Or Sensitivity: Optimal exercise dose: 1000-1499 MET-min/week for maximal cardiovascular benefit

• Confidence Interval: 95% CI: 0.71-0.86 for exercise maintainers

Clinical Application

Moderate - requires structured exercise counselling and monitoring systems, but exercise prescription is standard cardiac rehabilitation practice Highly relevant to Australian practice. Aligns with RACGP diabetes management guidelines and cardiac rehabilitation programs. Medicare-funded cardiac rehabilitation could incorporate these specific exercise targets for diabetic patients post-PCI Patients with diabetes who have undergone PCI, particularly in developed healthcare systems with comprehensive follow-up

Abstract

AIMS: We investigated the impact of aerobic exercise on clinical outcomes in patients with diabetes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS AND RESULTS: We analyzed a nationwide prospective population database from the Korean National Health Insurance System. We included 8225 patients with diabetes who had undergone PCI and documented their aerobic exercise habits before and after the procedure (mean interval: 2.0 years). The patients were categorized into four groups: persistent non-exercisers, new exercisers, exercise discontinuers, and exercise maintainers. The primary outcome was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), a composite of all-cause death, myocardial infarction, revascularization, and heart failure. We assessed the risk of clinical events using inverse probability-weighted Cox proportional hazards models. During a mean follow-up of 4.9 years, exercise maintainers, discontinuers, and new exercisers were associated with a significantly lower risk of MACE compared to non-exercisers. The lowest risk was observed in exercise maintainers (maintainers: aHR, 0.78; 95% CI: 0.71-0.86; discontinuers: aHR, 0.88; 95% CI: 0.79-0.98; new exercisers: aHR, 0.89; 95% CI: 0.80-1.00). A J-curve relationship between the amount of aerobic exercise and adverse clinical outcomes was observed, with the lowest risk identified at 1000-1499 MET-min/week. Benefits diminished with exercise intensity ≥1500 MET-min/week. CONCLUSION: Aerobic exercise maintenance after PCI was associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes, with a moderate amount of exercise providing maximal benefit. Therefore, aerobic exercise is advisable for patients with diabetes undergoing PCI, and the optimal exercise dosage warrants further research. LAY SUMMARY: This large-scale prospective population study, based on the Korean National Health Insurance System, demonstrated that maintaining aerobic exercise in patients with diabetes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention is significantly associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular events.A J-curve relationship was observed between the amount of aerobic exercise and clinical outcomes, with the lowest risk observed at 1000-1499 MET-min/week for both new exercisers and the entire study population.However, exercising beyond 1500 MET-min/week offers diminishing returns, highlighting the need for balanced exercise intensity.

References

1. 1.Han, J. K., Han, K., Ki, Y. J., Song, J. E., Hwang, D., Kang, J., Yang, H. M., Park, K. W., Kang, H. J., Koo, B. K., & Kim, H. S. (2026). Aerobic exercise and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with diabetes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: a nationwide population-based study. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjpc/zwaf170